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IIHW agri-techonology researchers in association with Kent Brown &
Associates of Ste. George, Utah, and the Rio Verde University Laboratory in
Provo, Utah, began field experiments on the affects of VITÆ™-MYTE©
and 11 other soil additive combinations to determine among others: sheen,
volume, body, disease, water requirements, and overall growth. The first
cuttings were done on July 23rd, 2005, and lab analysis is currently
underway. A cursory ‘eyeball’ view of the grass samples showed marked
differences in the sample areas utilizing the VITÆ™-MYTE©
all natural micro-nutrient additive. Research on this and other aspects of
vegetative incorporation of these depleted nutrients continue. |
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Much controversy and debate surrounds the subject of minerals. Sorting fact from fiction and debunking the myths about minerals! (says researcher/author Tim O’Shea) Inorganic, organic, chelated, elemental, ionic, colloidal, essential, trace - all these claims! What do we really need? Credentials in nutrition apparently mean very little when it comes to minerals. Much of what is written about minerals is speculative, market-oriented, or simply dead wrong. A net search on minerals gleans an overwhelming assault on one's patience, time and credulity. How could all this stuff be right? Minerals come from mines right? Except, when you're talking about nutrition. Then they come from food. At least they used to. When we still had some mineralized viable topsoil to grow market vegetables in that is! Four elements compose 96% of the body's makeup: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The remaining 4% of the body's composition is mineral. There are several opinions about how many minerals are essential. The following table shows the ones that are not in dispute, in the first column. Macro means more than 100mg per day. Trace usually means we don't know how much we need and it is a very small quantity. Essential Minerals MACROMINERALS........ Calcium Chlorine Sodium Potassium Phosphorus Magnesium Sulfur TRACE ELEMENTS or MINERALS . . . . . . . Chromium Tin Zinc Vanadium Copper Silicon Manganese Nickel Iron Molybdenum Fluorine Iodine Cobalt Selenium - U.S. Dept. of Agriculture National Research Council The controversy primarily involves the second column - trace minerals. Of the 14 trace minerals listed above, three or four may not have universal agreement as essential, but the majority of creditable sources admit that most of them are essential. Deficiency amounts have never been determined for most trace minerals, although several diseases have been linked with deficiencies of certain ones. Conclusive evidence has not been found regarding the exact daily intake amounts necessary, since some of the actual requirements may be too small to measure; hence the name "trace." In the past few years, even mainstream medicine is beginning to acknowledge the incontrovertible importance of mineral supplementation. In an article appearing in JAMA, the top American medical journal, 24 Dec 1996, a controlled study of selenium use for cancer patients was written up. Selenium has been proven to be a powerful stimulator in antioxidant activity, by helping to neutralize free radicals, which are rampant in the presence of cancer. In this study, 1312 subjects were divided into groups. Some were given selenium; others the placebo. Soon it was noticed that there was a decrease of 63% with prostate cancer, and 46% with lung cancer in the selenium group. The results were so blatant that the designers actually terminated the study early so that everyone could begin to benefit from selenium. This is just one example of the research that is currently being done on mineral supplementation. The problem is, if the results of studies economically threaten a current drug protocol, like chemotherapy, it is unlikely that an inexpensive natural supplement like selenium would be promoted by oncologists as a replacement in the foreseeable future. There are six nutrient groups: • Water • Vitamins • Minerals • Fats • Protein • Carbohydrate All groups are necessary for complete body function. The necessity for minerals is a recent historical discovery, only about 150 years old. In the 1850s, Pasteur's contemporary, Claude Bernard, learned about iron. Copper came about 10 years later, and zinc about the turn of the century. With the discovery of Vitamin A in 1912, minerals were downplayed for about 50 years in favor of vitamin research. By 1950, after about 14 vitamins had been discovered, attention returned once more to minerals when it was shown that they were necessary co-factors in order for vitamins to operate. Minerals are catalysts for most biological reactions. Soon the individual functions of minerals in the body were demonstrated: • Structural: bones, teeth, ligaments • Solutes and electrolytes in the blood • Enzyme actions • Energy production from food breakdown • Nerve transmission • Muscle action The following is a table of minerals linked with the specific functions most commonly agreed upon today: Calcium: Muscle contraction Bone building Sodium: Cell life Waste removal Potassium: Nerve transmission Cell life Normal blood pressure Muscle contraction Phosphorus: Bone formation Cell energy Magnesium: Muscle contraction Nerve transmission Calcium metabolism Enzyme cofactor Chlorine: Digestion Normal blood pressure Sulphur: Protein synthesis Collagen cross-linking, bone and ligament structure Copper: Immune system Artery strength Forms hemoglobin from iron Chromium: Insulin action Immune function Glucose Iron: Blood formation Immune function Selenium: Immune stimulant Fight free radicals Activates Vitamin E Nickel: Immune regulation Brain development DNA synthesis Iodine: Thyroid function Vanadium: Circulation Sugar metabolism Molybdenum: Enzyme action Silicon: Enzyme action Connective tissue Tin: Enzyme action Manganese: Enzyme action Fluorine: Teeth enamel - Larry Berger, PhD and Parris Kidd, PhD Zinc is necessary for antioxidant production, which prevents aging and cancer. It is also a cofactor for some 80 metabolic enzymes. (Erasmus, p 172) Zinc is necessary for wound healing, fat metabolism, insulin function, semen production, tissue repair, especially skin, and HCl production. (Erasmus) Mineral deficiency means that some of these jobs will not get done. The body is capable of prodigious amounts of adapting, and can operate for long periods of time with deficiencies of many of the above. But one day those checks will have to be cashed. The result: premature aging and cell breakdown. Without minerals, vitamins may have little or no effect. Minerals are catalysts - triggers for thousands of essential enzyme reactions in the body. No trigger - no reaction. Without enzyme reactions, caloric intake is meaningless, and the same for protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake. Minerals trigger the vitamins and enzymes to act; that means digestion. |
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Vitamins and minerals are an important component of human nutrition. Although vitamins were not discovered until the early part of the 20th century, the effects of deficiencies were recognized much earlier in diseases such as scurvy and rickets. In 1753, Dr. James Lind published his Treatise on Scurvy, which is generally recognized as the first controlled clinical trial in medical nutritional research. Dr. Lind's study demonstrated that scurvy could be controlled by adding lemons to the diet of British sailors whose rations contained no fresh fruits or vegetables. In effect, the trial demonstrated that Vitamin C could prevent scurvy, although this vitamin was not actually identified until 1928. The term "vitamine" was first proposed in 1912 by the Polish chemist Casimir Funk, in his landmark paper on vitamin theory, which synthesized existing research and paved the way for developments in the field. Working with pigeons who were fed a diet of rice hulls, Funk was able to show the existence of a substance, later known as thiamine, which could cure beriberi. Because this compound was an amine, Funk coined the term "vitamine" to describe a set of amines essential for life. When further research showed that not all vitamins were amines, the term was shortened to vitamin. As vitamins were identified over the next decades, they came to be viewed as essential elements in maintaining good health and in treating diseases of deficiency. Synthesized vitamins became widely available, and were increasingly added to a variety of foods as well as being formulated in tablets and capsules. The one-a-day vitamin and mineral supplement, introduced in 1940, quickly gained widespread popularity, especially in the United States, where, by 1997, an estimated half of the population was taking a vitamin supplement on a regular basis. Today we recognize approximately 13 vitamins or vitamin groups, as well as 7 major minerals and 10 trace elements, and our understanding of these compounds continues to evolve as we become increasingly aware of their complex nature. This guide provides an introduction to the wide range of literature on vitamins and minerals in the collections of the Library of Congress. Not intended to be a comprehensive bibliography, this guide is designed – as the name of the series implies – to put the reader "on target." INTRODUCTIONS TO THE TOPIC Cataldo, Corinne Balog, Linda Kelly DeBruyne, and Eleanor Noss Whitney. The vitamins. In their Nutrition and diet therapy: principles and practice. 5th ed. Belmont, CA, West/Wadsworth Publishing Co., c1999. p. 137-171. Bibliography: p. 166-167. RM216.C36 1999 <SciRR> Cataldo, Corinne Balog, Linda Kelly DeBruyne, and Eleanor Noss Whitney. Water and minerals. In their Nutrition and diet therapy: principles and practice. 5th ed. Belmont, CA, West/Wadsworth Publishing Co., c1999. p. 173-199. Bibliography: p. 198-199. RM216.C36 1999 <SciRR> Encyclopedia of human nutrition. 2nd ed. Edited by Michele Sadler. v. 3. San Diego, Academic Press, 1999. 1973p. See especially entries for individual vitamins and minerals, e.g., "Vitamin B6": p. 1916-1925, and "Ultratrace elements": p. 1884-1897. QP141.E526 1999 <SciRR> Krause's food, nutrition & diet therapy. 10th ed. Edited by L. Kathleen Mahan and Sylvia Escott-Stump. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, c2000. 1194 p. Includes bibliographical references See especially "Vitamins": p. 67-109 and "Minerals": p. 110-152. RM216.M285 2000 <SciRR> USP DI : Advice for the patient. 18th ed. v. 2. Rockville, MD, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, c1998. 1802 p. See especially "Vitamin A": p. 1625-1628, "Vitamin B12": p. 1629-1631, "Vitamin D": p.1631-1635, "Vitamin E": p.1635-1638, and "Vitamin K":p. 1638-1641. RM300.U83 1998 <SciRR Desk> Wardlaw, Gordon M. Perspectives in nutrition. Boston, McGraw-Hill, c1999. 1773 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP141.W38 1999 <SciRR> Whitney, Eleanor Noss, and Sharon Rady Rolfes. Understanding nutrition. 8th ed. Belmont, CA, West/Wadsworth, c1999. 647 p. Includes bibliographical references. See especially "The water-soluble vitamins": p. 290-327, "The fat-soluble vitamins": p. 336-358, "Water and the major minerals": p. 366-395, and "The trace minerals": p. 404-431. QP141.W46 1999 <SciRR> SUBJECT HEADINGS Subject headings used by The Library of Congress, under which books on vitamins and minerals can be located in most card, book, and online catalogs, include the following: Highly Relevant VITAMINS See also specific vitamins, such as "Vitamin A,"Vitamin B Complex," "Vitamin C," etc. MINERALS See also specific minerals such as "Calcium," "Zinc," etc. VITAMINS IN HUMAN NUTRITION MINERALS IN HUMAN NUTRITION Antioxidants ANTIOXIDANTS BIOFLAVONOIDS FOOD--VITAMIN CONTENT Related AVITAMINOSES VITAMIN THERAPY VITAMINS--RESEARCH VITAMIN TOLERANCE PLANT VITAMINS More General NUTRITION DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS BASIC TEXTS Combs, Gerald F. The vitamins: fundamental aspects in nutrition and health. 2nd ed. San Diego, Academic Press, c1998. 618 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP771.C645 1998 <SciRR> Complete book of vitamins & minerals. By the Editors of Consumer Guide; Susan Male Smith, and others. Lincolnwood, IL, Publications International, c1996. 384 p. QP771.C65 1996 <SciRR> Encyclopedia of vitamins, minerals and supplements. Tova Navarra and Myron A. Lipkowitz. New York, Facts on File, c1996. 281 p. Bibliography: p. 249-254. QP771.E53 1996 <SciRR> The Healing power of vitamins, minerals and herbs. Edited by Wayne Kalyn. Pleasantville, NY, The Reader's Digest Assoc., c1999. 416 p. RM259.H424 1999 Reinhard, Tonia. The vitamin sourcebook. Los Angeles, Lowell House, c1998. 299 p. Bibliography: p. 285. QP771.R45 1998 Williams, Sue Rodwell. Nutrition and diet therapy. 8th ed. St. Louis, Mosby Publishing, c1998. 850 p. Includes bibliographical references. See especially "Fat-soluble vitamins": p. 159-179, "Water-soluble vitamins": p. 181-204, and "Minerals": p. 205-250. RM216.W684 c1997 <SciRR> ADDITIONAL TITLES Apple, Rima D. Vitamania: Vitamins in American culture. New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, c1996. 245 p. Bibliography: p. 199-232. QP771.A67 1996 A-Z guide to drug-herb and vitamin interactions. Edited by Schuyler W. Lininger. Rocklin, CA, Prima Health, 1999. 464 p. RM666.H33D78 1999 Basu, Tapan Kumar. Vitamins in human health and disease. Wallingford, Eng., CAB International, c1996. 345 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP771.B35 1996 Berdanier, Carolyn D. Advanced nutrition. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1995. 2v. Includes bibliographical references. Contents: 1. Macronutrients.-- 2. Micronutrients. QP141.B52 1995 <SciRR> Beyond deficiency: new views on the function and health effects of vitamins. Edited by Howerde E. Sauberlich and Lawrence J. Machlin. New York, The New York Academy of Sciences, 1992. 404 p. (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 669). Includes bibliographical references. Q11.N5 v. 669 Encyclopedia of human biology. Edited by Renato Dulbecco. 2nd ed. v. 8. San Diego, Academic Press, c1997. See especially entries for individual vitamins and minerals, e.g. "Vitamin A": p. 735-748, and "Vitamin D": p. 749-762. QP11.E53 1997 <SciRR> Hands, Elizabeth S. Food finder: food sources of vitamins & minerals. 2nd ed. Salem, OR, ESHA Research, c1990. 244 p. Bibliography: p. 233-244. QP771.H365 1990 <SciRR> Prevention's healing with vitamins. Edited by Alice Feinstein. Emmaus, PA, Rodale Press, c1996. 593 p. RM259.P74 1996 <SciRR> Sports nutrition: minerals and electrolytes. Edited by Constance V. Kies and Judy A. Driskell. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1995. 330 p. Includes bibliographical references. TX361.A8S674 1995 Sports nutrition: vitamins and trace elements. Edited by Ira Wolinsky and Judy A. Driskell. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1997. 235 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP771.S68 1997 <SciRR> The Technology of vitamins in food. Edited by P. Berry Ottaway. London, New York, Blackie Academic & Professional, 1993. 270 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP771.T43 1993 <SciRR> Vitamin intake and health: a scientific review. Suzanne Gaby and others. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1991. 217 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP771.V573 1991 <SciRR> SPECIALIZED TITLES VITAMIN A Vitamin A and the immune function: a symposium. Edited by Chris Kjolhede and William R. Beisel. New York, Haworth Medical Press, c1996. 156 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP772.V5V555 1996 Vitamin A in health and disease. Edited by Rune Blomhoff. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1994. 677 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP772.V5V56 1994 VITAMIN B COMPLEX Folic acid metabolism in health and disease. Edited by Mary Frances Picciano, E. L. Robert Stokstad, and Jesse F. Gregory. New York, Wiley-Liss, c1990. 299 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP772.F6F634 1990 Vitamin B-6 metabolism in pregnancy, lactation, and infancy. Edited by Daniel J. Raiten. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1995. 201 p. Includes bibliographical references. RG559.V55 1996 VITAMIN C Vitamin C in health and disease. Edited by Lester Packer and Jurgen Fuchs. NewYork, Marcel Dekker, 1997. 538 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP772.A8V565 1997 <SciRR> Vitamin C: the state of the art in disease prevention sixty years after the Nobel prize. Edited by R. Paoletti and others. New York, Springer-Verlag, c1998. 133 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP772.A8V574 1998 VITAMIN D Vitamin D. Edited by David Feldman. San Diego, Academic Press, c1997. 1285 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP772.V53V572 1997 Vitamin D: chemistry, biology and clinical applications of the steroid hormone: proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Vitamin D. Strasbourg, France, May 24-29, 1997. Edited by Anthony W. Norman, Roger Bouillon, and Monique Thomasset. Riverside, CA, Printing and Reprographics, University of California, 1997. 960 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP772.V53W67 1997 Vitamin D: molecular biology, physiology, and clinical applications. Edited by Michael F. Holick. Totowa, NJ, Humana Press, c1999. 458 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP772.V53V585 1999 <SciRR> VITAMIN E Vitamin E in health and disease. Edited by Lester Packer and Jurgen Fuchs. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1993. 1000 p. Includes bibliographical references. RM666.T65V58 1992 Vitamin E : its usefulness in health and in curing diseases. Edited by Makoto Mino and others. Tokyo, New York, and Basel, Japan Scientific Societies Press, c1993. 368 p. Includes bibliographical references. Papers presented at the 1991 international symposium on Vitamin E, Japan, 1991. QP772.T6V574 1993 ANTIOXIDANTS Antioxidant food supplements in human health. Edited by Lester Packer, Midori Hiramutsu, and Toshikazu Yoshikawa. San Diego, Academic Press, c1999. 511 p. Includes bibliographical references. RB170.A573 1999 <SciRR> Antioxidant status, diet, nutrition and health. Edited by Andreas M. Papas. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1999. 650 p. Includes bibliographical references. RB170.A578 1999 <SciRR> Antioxidants and disease prevention. Edited by Harinder S. Garewal. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1997. 186 p. Includes bibliographical references. RB170.A58 1997 Biological oxidants and antioxidants: molecular mechanisms and health effects. Edited by Lester Packer and Augustine S. H. Ong. Champaign, IL, AOCS Press, c1998. 372 p. Includes bibliographical references. RB170.B565 1998 Handbook of antioxidants. Edited by Enrique Cadenas and Lester Packer. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1996. 602p. Includes bibliographical references. RB170.H36 1996 Handbook of synthetic antioxidants. Edited by Lester Packer and Enrique Cadenas. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1997. 442 p. Includes bibliographical references. RB170.H367 1997 Larson, Richard A. Naturally occurring antioxidants. Boca Raton, CRC Press, Lewis Publishers, c1997. 195 p. Includes bibliographical references. RB170.L37 1997 Oxidants, antioxidants, and free radicals. Edited by Stephen I. Baskin and Harry Salem. Washington, Taylor and Francis, c1997. 364 p. Includes bibliographical references. RB170.O945 1997 Packer, Lester, and Carol Colman. The antioxidant miracle: your complete plan for total health and healing. New York, John Wiley & Sons, c1999. 256 p. Bibliography: p. 230-248. RB170.P33 1999 Smythies, John R. Every person's guide to antioxidants. New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, c1998. 140 p. Bibliography: p. 113-125. RB170.S69 1998 <SciRR> CALCIUM Calcium and phosphorus in health and disease. Edited by John J. B. Anderson and Sanford C. Garner. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1996. 395 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP535.C2C2622 1996 Pierre, Colleen. Calcium in your life. Minneapolis, Chronimed Publishing, c1997. 155 p. Bibliography: p. 145-149. RM237.56.P54 1997 MANGANESE Manganese in health and disease. Edited by Dorothy J. Klimis-Tavantzis. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1994. 212 p. Includes bibliographical references QP535.M6M35 1994 TRACE ELEMENTS Micronutrients in health and in disease prevention. Edited by Adrianne Bendich and C. E. Butterworth, Jr. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1991. 483 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP534.M52 1991 Trace elements in human nutrition and health. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1996. 343 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP534.T725 1996 VITAMIN ANALYSIS Bender, David A. Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1992. 431 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP771.B44 1992 Modern analytical methodologies in fat and water soluble vitamins. Edited by Won O. Song, Gary R. Beecher, Ronald R. Eitenmiller. New York, John Wiley, c2000. 471 p. QP771.M6 2000 Modern chromatographic analysis of vitamins. 3rd ed., rev. and expanded. Edited by Andre P. De Leenheer, Willy E. Lambert, Jan F. Van Bocxlaer. New York, Dekker, c2000. 616 p. (Chromatographic science, 84) Includes bibliographical references. QP771.M63 2000 Vitamin analysis for the health and food sciences. Edited by Ronald R. Eitenmiller and W. O. Landen, Jr. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1998. 518 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP771.E37 1998 TITLES FOR YOUNGER READERS Asimov, Isaac. How did we find out about vitamins? New York, Walker and Company, 1974. 64 p. QP771.A84 Kalbacken, Joan. Vitamins and minerals. New York, Children's Press, c1998. 47 p. Bibliography: p. 44. Introduces the major vitamins and minerals found in various foods, and discusses them in relation to nutrition and healthy eating. QP771.K365 1998 Nardo, Don. Vitamins and minerals. New York, Chelsea House Publishers, c1994. 111 p. Bibliography: p. 103-104. Introduction by C. Everett Koop. QP771.N36 1994 Nottridge, Rhoda. Vitamins. Minneapolis, Carolrhoda Books, 1993. 32 p. Bibliography: p. 31. Focuses on vitamins, explaining why we need them in our diet, where we can get them, and the different kinds. QP771.N64 1993 Seixas, Judith S. Vitamins: what they are, and what they do. New York, Greenwillow Books, c1986. 55 p. Discusses vitamins, how they were discovered, how they work, how they can be made, and how they fit into our diets. QP771.S45 1986 Silverstein, Alvin, Virginia Silverstein, and Robert Silverstein. Vitamins and minerals. Brookfield, CT, Millbrook Press, 1992. 48 p. Bibliography: p. 46. Examines the major vitamins and minerals, their functions, sources, proper daily dosages, and deficiency symptoms. QP771.S56 1992 SELECTED COOKBOOKS Eat well, stay well: 500 delicious recipes made with healing foods. Edited by Judith Cressey. Pleasantville, NY, Reader's Digest Assoc., c1998. 352 p. RA784.E162 1998 Kaye, Edita M. Bone builders: the complete lowfat cookbook plus calcium health guide. Rev. ed. New York, Time-Warner Books, 1996. 500 p. RM237.56.K39 1996 Lark, Susan M. The women's health companion: self help nutrition guide & cookbook. Berkeley, CA, Celestial Arts, c1995. 375 p. Bibliography: p. 353-369. RA778.L314 1995 Prevention's the healthy cook. Edited by Natthew Hoffman and David Joachim. Emmaus, PA, Rodale Press, c1997. 598 p. RM237.7.P744 1997 SerVaas, Cory. The Saturday Evening Post antioxidant cookbook. Indianapolis, Saturday Evening Post Society, c1995. 195 p. Bibliography: p. 195. RM237.9.S47 1995 The Simply healthy lowfat cookbook: over 250 lowfat recipes rich in the antioxidant vitamins that keep you healthy. By the editors of the Wellness Cooking School and the University of California at Berkeley Wellness Letter. New York, Rebus; distributed by Random House, c1995. 255 p. RM237.7.S575 1995 Turner, Lisa. Meals that heal: a nutraceutical approach to diet and health. Rochester, VT, Healing Arts Press, c1996. 235 p. Bibliography: p. 201-221. RA784.T895 1996 Webb, Densie, and Susan Male Smith. Foods for better health: prevention & healing of diseases. Lincolnwood, IL, Publications International, 1994. 432 p. RA784.W47 1994 RELATED TITLES Bricklin, Mark. Prevention magazine's nutrition advisor. Emmaus, PA, Rodale Press, 1993. 596 p. RA784.B695 1993 <SciRR> Brody, Tom. Nutritional biochemistry. 2nd ed. San Diego, Academic Press, c1999. 1006 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP141.B853 1999 Food chemistry. 3rd ed. Edited by Owen R. Fennema. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1996. 1069 p. Includes bibliographical references. TX541.F65 1996 <SciRR> Funk, Casimir. The vitamines. Authorized translation from second German edition, by Harry E. Dubin. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkin Co., 1922. 502 p. QP801.V5F8 Heinerman, John. Heinerman's new encyclopedia of fruits & vegetables. West Nyack, NY, Parker Publishing, c1995. 504 p. RM236.H45 1995 Newstrom, Harvey. Nutrients catalog: vitamins, minerals, amino acids, macronutrients- beneficial use, helpers, inhibitors, food sources, intake recommendations and symptoms of over or under use. Jefferson, NC, McFarland & Company, c1993. 538 p. Bibliography: p. 449-460. QP141.N48 1993 <SciRR> Nutritional concerns of women. Edited by Ira Wolinsky and Dorothy Klimis-Tavantzis. Boca-Raton, CRC Press, 1996. 335 p. Includes bibliographical references. RC622.N8932 1996 Prevention's food and nutrition. Edited by John Feltman. Emmaus, PA, Rodale Press, c1993. 552 p. RA784.P737 1993 Preventive nutrition: the comprehensive guide for health professionals. Edited by Adrianne Bendich and Richard J. Deckelbaum. Totowa, NJ, Humana Press, c1997. 579 p. Includes bibliographical references. RM216.P778 1997 <SciRR> Ronzio, Robert A. The encyclopedia of nutrition & good health. New York, Facts on File, c1997. 486 p. Includes bibliographical references. RA784.R646 1997 Somer, Elizabeth. Nutrition for women: the complete guide. New York, Henry Holt, 1993. 475 p. Bibliography: p. 403-460. RA778.S647 1993 Whitney, Eleanor Noss, and others. Understanding normal and clinical nutrition. 5th ed. Belmont, CA, Wadsworth Publishing Co., c1998. Includes bibliographical references. QP141.W458 1998 Williams, Melvin H. Nutrition for health, fitness, & sport. 5th ed.. Boston, McGraw-Hill, c1999. 500 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP141.W514 1999 HANDBOOKS Composition of foods: raw, processed. Consumer and Food economics Institute. Rev. Washington, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, (agricultural handbook, no. 8), 1976- TX551.C74 1976 <SciRR> Available also at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp Griffith, H. Winter. Vitamins, herbs, minerals & supplements: the complete guide. Tucson, Fisher Books, c1998. 504 p. QP771.G75 1998 <SciRR> Handbook of food analysis. Edited by Leo M. Nollet. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1996. 1987 p. TX541.H36 1996 Handbook of nutritionally essential mineral elements. Edited by Boyd L. O'Dell and Roger A. Sunde. New York, Marcel Decker, c1997. 692 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP533.H36 1997 <SciRR> Handbook of vitamins. 2nd ed., rev. Edited by Lawrence J. Machlin. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1991. 595 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP771.H35 1991 Mason, Pamela. Handbook of dietary supplements: vitamins and other health supplements. Oxford, Eng., Cambridge, MA, Blackwell Science, 1995. 256 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP141.M28 1995 Netzer, Corinne T. The complete book of vitamin and mineral counts. New York, Dell Publishing, 1997. 440 p. Chiefly tables. br> QP771.N48 1997 <SciRR> Pais, Istvan, and J. Benton Jones. The handbook of trace elements. Boca Raton, St. Lucie Press, c1997. 223 p. Bibliography: p. 199-213. QP534.P349 1997 <SciRR> Pressman, Alan H, and Sheila Buff. The complete idiot's guide to vitamins and minerals. New York, Alpha Books, c1997. 348 p. QP771.P74 1997 Sultenfuss, Sherry Wilson, and Thomas J. Sultenfuss. A woman's guide to vitamins, minerals, and alternative healing. Rev. ed. Chicago, Contemporary Books, c1999. 324 p. Bibliography: p. 263-309. RA778.S926 <SciRR> The USP guide to vitamins & minerals by authority of U.S. Pharmacopeia. New York, Avon Books, c1996. 334 p. RA784.U87 1996 ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES Abstracting and indexing services that index relevant journal articles on vitamins and minerals are listed below. Useful keywords to use include "vitamins," "minerals," and most of the Library of Congress subject headings suggested earlier. Consult a Science Reference Librarian for locations of abstracting and indexing services in the Science Reading Room. Applied Science & Technology Index (1913-) Z7913.I7 <SciRR A&I> and Computer Format Bibliography of Agriculture (1942-) Z5073.U572 <SciRR A&I> and Computer format Biological & Agricultural Index (1916-) Z5073.A46 <SciRR A&I> and Computer format Biological Abstracts (1927-) QH301.B37 <SciRR A&I> and Computer format Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (1956-) Z6675.N7C8 <SciRR A&I> and CD-ROM Food Science and Technology Abstracts (1969-) TP368.F678 <SciRR A&I> Index Medicus (1960-) Z6660.I422 <SciRR A&I> and Computer format Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews. Series A: Human and Experimental (1977-) QP141.A1N86 <SciRR A&I> JOURNALS American Journal of Clinical Nutrition RC584.A5 Food Chemistry TX501.F66 Food Technology TP370.F63 International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research QP771.I57 Journal of the American Dietetic Association RM214.A6 Journal of Biological Chemistry QP501.J7 Journal of Food Composition and Analysis: an Official Publication of the United Nations University, International Network of Food Data Systems TX501.J66 Journal of Nutrition RM214.J6 Nutrition QP141.A1N866 Nutrition and Food Science TX341.N779 Nutrition in Clinical Care: an Official Publication of Tufts University RM214.N83 Nutrition Research QP141.A1N88 Nutrition Reviews TX341.N85 Nutrition Today RA784.N85 Prevention RA421. P68 <SciRR> Vitamins and Hormones QP801.V5V5 <SciRR> REPRESENTATIVE JOURNAL ARTICLES Antioxidants and aging--roundtable discussion : how best to ensure daily intake of antioxidants (from the diet and supplements) that is optimal for life span, disease, and general health. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, v. 854, 1998: 463-476. Q11.N5, vol. 854 Bates, Christopher, and Ann Prentice. Breast milk as a source of vitamins, essential minerals and trace elements. Pharmacology & therapeutics, v. 60, 1994: 193-220. RM1.P477 Byersdorf, B., and J. R. White. Sorting through the hype about RDAs. Postgraduate medicine, v. 103, Mar. 1999: 36. R11.P74 Cao, Guohua, and others. Increases in human plasma antioxidant capacity after consumption of controlled diets high in fruit and vegetables. The American journal of clinical nutrition, v. 68, Nov. 1998: 1081-1087. RC584.A5 Dawson-Hughes, Beth. Calcium, Vitamin D and the risk of osteoporosis in adults: essential information for the clinician. Nutrition in clinical care, v. 1, Mar./Apr. 1998: 63-70. Pamphlet box <SciRR> DeLuca, Hector F., and Claudia Zierold. Mechanisms and functions of vitamin D. Nutrition reviews, v. 56, Feb. 1998: S4-S10. TX341.N85 Gaziano, Michael J. Antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians, v. 111, Jan./Feb. 1999: 2-9. R15.A95 Hains, Stewart T. Alternatives to estrogen replacement therapy for preventing osteoporosis. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, v. 36, Dec. 1996: 707-715. RS1.A52 Jacob, Robert A. Vitamin C nutriture and the risk of atherosclerotic heart disease. Nutrition reviews, v. 56, Nov. 1998: 334-337. QP141.A1N88 Kerstetter, Jane E., and others. Dietary protein affects intestinal calcium absorption. American journal of clinical nutrition, v. 68, Oct. 1998: 859-865. RC584.A5 Lee, I. M. Antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of cancer. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians, v. 111, Jan./Feb. 1999: 10-15. R15.A95 Levine, Mark. Criteria and recommendations for Vitamin C intake. JAMA, journal of the American Medical Association, v. 281, Apr. 21, 1999: 1415-1423. R15.A48 Malinow, M. R. Homocysteine, diet and cardiovascular diseases: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation, v. 99, Jan. 5, 1999: 178-182. RC681.A1C5 Manzi, Pamela, and others. Nutrients in edible mushrooms: an inter-species comparative study. Food chemistry, v. 65, June 1999: 477-482. TX501.F66 Mason, Joel B., and Jacob Selhub. Disease prevention: broadening the definition of folate nutrition. Nutrition in clinical care, v. 2, March/April 1999: 82-86. RM214.N83 McCarron, David, and others. Mineral intake and blood pressure in African Americans. American journal of clinical nutrition, v. 68, Sept. 1998: 517-518. RC584.A5 Mertz, Walter. A balanced approach to nutrition for health: the need for biologically essential minerals and vitamins. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, v. 94, Nov. 1994: 1259-1262. RM214.A6 and RM214.A6 Mobarhan, Sohrab. Calcium and the colon: recent findings. Nutrition reviews, v. 57, April 1999: 124-129. TX341.N85 Schorah, C. J. Micronutrients, vitamins, and cancer risk. Vitamins and hormones, v. 57, 1999. QP801.V5V5 <SciRR> Skolnick, A. A. Separating the wheat from the chaff of nutrition information. JAMA, journal of the American Medical Association, v. 278, Oct. 1, 1997: 1052-1053. R15.A48 Thomas, John A. Diet, micronutrients, and the prostate gland. Nutrition reviews, v. 57, Apr. 1999: 95-103. TX341.N85 SELECTED MATERIALS Selected Materials available in the Science Reading Room pamphlet boxes include: Andersen-Parrado, Patricia. Minerals -- mild-mannered nutrients that make things happen. Better nutrition, v. 59, July 1997: 38. Blumberg, Jeffrey. Mighty vitamins. Medical world news, v. 34, Jan. 1993: 24-32. Calcium: build strong bones & a strong body. Nutrition in clinical care: an official publication of Tufts University, v. 1, Apr. 1998: 98-100. Challem, Jack. Some good things to say about free radicals. The Nutrition reporter newsletter, v. 6, Aug., 1995: 1-4. Denny, Sharon. About vitamin-mineral supplements. Nutrition today, v. 33, Apr. 1998: 69-70. Elliott, James G. Application of antioxidant vitamins in foods and beverages. Food technology, v. 53, Feb. 1999: 46-48. Gorman, Christine. Vitamin overload? Your one-a-day is still o.k. but swallowing supplements by the megadose may be dangerous. Time, v. 150, Nov. 10, 1997: 84. Kurtzweil, Paula. An FDA guide to dietary supplements. FDA consumer, v. 32, Sept./Oct. 1998: 28-35. Kurtzweil, Paula. How folate can help prevent birth defects. FDA consumer, v. 30, Sept./Oct. 1996: 7-10. Langer, Stephen. When it comes to vitamins, "Cs" make the grade. Better nutrition, v. 58, Dec. 1996: 40-43. Leibman, Bonnie. Do you know your vitamin abc's? Nutrition action health letter, v. 26, Sept. 1999: 1-6. Leibman, Bonnie. 3 vitamins and a mineral: what to take. Nutrition action health letter, v. 25, May 1998: 1, 3-7. Mathe, Andrea. A girl's best friends. Vegetarian times, v. 258, Feb. 1999: 90-91. Prevention's at-a-glance vitamin and mineral guide. Prevention, v. 51, Feb. 1999: 96-98. Scheer, James F. B. Vitamins: a whole complex of benefits. Better nutrition, v. 61, Apr. 1999: 54-56. Squires, Sally. Vitamania. The Washington Post Health, Jan. 12, 1999: 13-16. Strengthen your bone knowledge. Nutrition spotlight, v. 2, Sept./Oct., 1999: 1-8. Toufexis, Anastasia. The new scoop on vitamins. Time, Apr. 6, 1992: 54-59 Vitamin E: is natural better? University of California, Berkeley, wellness letter, v. 15, Sept. 1999: 1. Yes, but which calcium supplement? Tufts University health & nutrition letter, v. 14, Feb. 1997: 4-5. ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION GOVERNMENT AGENCIES Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) U.S. Food and Drug Administration 5100 Paint Branch Parkway College Park, MD 20740-3835 Telephone: (800) 332-4010 URL: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/list.html The regulation of dietary supplements, including safety and labeling concerns, is the responsibility of the FDA's Center for Food Safety and Nutrition. Its website offers a great deal of consumer information, including FDA warnings and nutrition advice. Program areas especially relevant to vitamins and minerals include "dietary supplements" and "food labeling and nutrition." U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Information Center (FNIC) National Agricultural Library, Room 105 10301 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville, MD 20705-2351 Telephone: (301) 504-5719 email: fnic@nal.usda.gov URL: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic FNIC is one of several information centers at the National Agricultural Library. In addition to its on-site resources, the library's FNIC website offers extensive nutrition information. Areas of interest include dietary supplements, dietary guidelines, and food composition. Newsletters, FDA journals, and links to many nutrition related journals are also available at this site. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894 Telephone: (888) 346-3656; (301) 594-5983 URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov The National Library of Medicine (NLM) collects materials in all areas of biomedicine and health care. The National Library of Medicine's online resources include the MEDLINE index of medical literature, and MEDLINEplus which provides consumer resources, including useful information on clearinghouses, organizations, directories, and libraries. The library's catalog, LocatorPlus, is also available at their website. Office of Dietary Supplements National Institutes of Health 6100 Executive Blvd., Room 3B01, MSC 7517 Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7517 Tel: (301) 435-2920 Fax: (301) 480-1845 email: ods@nih.gov URL: http://ods.od.nih.gov/ The Office of Dietary Supplements was established in 1995, as a part of the National Institutes of Health, to support research and to disseminate information on dietary supplements. In addition to sponsoring conferences and workshops, the ODS maintains IBIDS, a database of published international scientific literature on dietary supplements, including vitamins, minerals, and botanicals. IBIDS is available at the ODS website. The office does not, however, respond to individual requests for information. ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS American Dietetic Association (ADA) 216 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite 800 Chicago, IL 60606-6995 Telephone: (312) 899-0040 URL: http://www.eatright.org The ADA publishes the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, as well as an array of nutrition-related publications aimed at both the consumer and the professional. Abstracts from the journal can be found online. The website provides fact sheets, links to other sites of interest, information on nutrition issues in the news and a catalog of publications. American Society for Nutritional Sciences (ASNS) 9650 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20814-3998 Telephone: (301) 530-7050 email: sec@asns.org URL: http://www.asns.org The American Society for Nutritional Sciences (ASNS) publishes The Journal of Nutrition, available by subscription at http://www.nutrition.org, with open access to the index, dating from Jan. 1997. The website also offers profiles of micronutrients, from arsenic to zinc. The nutrient statements include recommended intakes, and recent research in the field. The American Society for Clinical Nutrition, a division of ASNS, publishes The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition at http://www.nutrition.org/ SELECTED INTERNET RESOURCES The Internet offers a growing number of sites useful for the study of vitamins and minerals. Most of the organizations listed above provide information on vitamins and nutrition, as well as links to related sites from their web sites. It is also possible to find web sites using a search engine such as Alta Vista, Google, or Northern Light, to locate additional sites. Gateway sites, such as the Tufts University Nutrition Navigator, listed below, are often an efficient way to locate relevant web sites. The following sites may be of interest. Arbor Nutrition Guide URL: http://www.arborcom.com This site offers a well organized gateway to nutrition information. Six major areas, including food science, clinical nutrition, and applied nutrition, are further subdivided by topics such as phytochemistry, food safety, history of nutrition, and home pages of organizations. Dole 5-a-day URL: http://www.dole5aday.com colorful, award-winning site designed for kids and educators, but others will find it useful as well. The Fruit and Vegetable Encyclopedia is a good place to find illustrations and basic text on topics such as apple varieties and citrus growing regions of the U.S. Mayo Health Oasis URL: http://www.mayohealth.org Sponsored by the Mayo Clinic, and aimed at consumers, this site received a top rating from the Tuft's Nutrition Navigator. A great deal of information on nutrition, vitamins, and minerals is made available in a user-friendly format. Meals For You URL: http://www.mealsforyou.com This interactive recipe site allows the user to search for nutritional recipes by nutrient heading. For example, a search for Vitamin A brings up several pages of results, arranged by vitamin content. Results can also be so Vitamins and minerals are an important component of human nutrition. Although vitamins were not discovered until the early part of the 20th century, the effects of deficiencies were recognized much earlier in diseases such as scurvy and rickets. In 1753, Dr. James Lind published his Treatise on Scurvy, which is generally recognized as the first controlled clinical trial in medical nutritional research. Dr. Lind's study demonstrated that scurvy could be controlled by adding lemons to the diet of British sailors whose rations contained no fresh fruits or vegetables. In effect, the trial demonstrated that Vitamin C could prevent scurvy, although this vitamin was not actually identified until 1928. The term "vitamine" was first proposed in 1912 by the Polish chemist Casimir Funk, in his landmark paper on vitamin theory, which synthesized existing research and paved the way for developments in the field. Working with pigeons who were fed a diet of rice hulls, Funk was able to show the existence of a substance, later known as thiamine, which could cure beriberi. Because this compound was an amine, Funk coined the term "vitamine" to describe a set of amines essential for life. When further research showed that not all vitamins were amines, the term was shortened to vitamin. As vitamins were identified over the next decades, they came to be viewed as essential elements in maintaining good health and in treating diseases of deficiency. Synthesized vitamins became widely available, and were increasingly added to a variety of foods as well as being formulated in tablets and capsules. The one-a-day vitamin and mineral supplement, introduced in 1940, quickly gained widespread popularity, especially in the United States, where, by 1997, an estimated half of the population was taking a vitamin supplement on a regular basis. Today we recognize approximately 13 vitamins or vitamin groups, as well as 7 major minerals and 10 trace elements, and our understanding of these compounds continues to evolve as we become increasingly aware of their complex nature. This guide provides an introduction to the wide range of literature on vitamins and minerals in the collections of the Library of Congress. Not intended to be a comprehensive bibliography, this guide is designed – as the name of the series implies – to put the reader "on target." INTRODUCTIONS TO THE TOPIC Cataldo, Corinne Balog, Linda Kelly DeBruyne, and Eleanor Noss Whitney. The vitamins. In their Nutrition and diet therapy: principles and practice. 5th ed. Belmont, CA, West/Wadsworth Publishing Co., c1999. p. 137-171. Bibliography: p. 166-167. RM216.C36 1999 <SciRR> Cataldo, Corinne Balog, Linda Kelly DeBruyne, and Eleanor Noss Whitney. Water and minerals. In their Nutrition and diet therapy: principles and practice. 5th ed. Belmont, CA, West/Wadsworth Publishing Co., c1999. p. 173-199. Bibliography: p. 198-199. RM216.C36 1999 <SciRR> Encyclopedia of human nutrition. 2nd ed. Edited by Michele Sadler. v. 3. San Diego, Academic Press, 1999. 1973p. See especially entries for individual vitamins and minerals, e.g., "Vitamin B6": p. 1916-1925, and "Ultratrace elements": p. 1884-1897. QP141.E526 1999 <SciRR> Krause's food, nutrition & diet therapy. 10th ed. Edited by L. Kathleen Mahan and Sylvia Escott-Stump. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, c2000. 1194 p. Includes bibliographical references See especially "Vitamins": p. 67-109 and "Minerals": p. 110-152. RM216.M285 2000 <SciRR> USP DI : Advice for the patient. 18th ed. v. 2. Rockville, MD, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, c1998. 1802 p. See especially "Vitamin A": p. 1625-1628, "Vitamin B12": p. 1629-1631, "Vitamin D": p.1631-1635, "Vitamin E": p.1635-1638, and "Vitamin K":p. 1638-1641. RM300.U83 1998 <SciRR Desk> Wardlaw, Gordon M. Perspectives in nutrition. Boston, McGraw-Hill, c1999. 1773 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP141.W38 1999 <SciRR> Whitney, Eleanor Noss, and Sharon Rady Rolfes. Understanding nutrition. 8th ed. Belmont, CA, West/Wadsworth, c1999. 647 p. Includes bibliographical references. See especially "The water-soluble vitamins": p. 290-327, "The fat-soluble vitamins": p. 336-358, "Water and the major minerals": p. 366-395, and "The trace minerals": p. 404-431. QP141.W46 1999 <SciRR> SUBJECT HEADINGS Subject headings used by The Library of Congress, under which books on vitamins and minerals can be located in most card, book, and online catalogs, include the following: Highly Relevant VITAMINS See also specific vitamins, such as "Vitamin A,"Vitamin B Complex," "Vitamin C," etc. MINERALS See also specific minerals such as "Calcium," "Zinc," etc. VITAMINS IN HUMAN NUTRITION MINERALS IN HUMAN NUTRITION Antioxidants ANTIOXIDANTS BIOFLAVONOIDS FOOD--VITAMIN CONTENT Related AVITAMINOSES VITAMIN THERAPY VITAMINS--RESEARCH VITAMIN TOLERANCE PLANT VITAMINS More General NUTRITION DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS BASIC TEXTS Combs, Gerald F. The vitamins: fundamental aspects in nutrition and health. 2nd ed. San Diego, Academic Press, c1998. 618 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP771.C645 1998 <SciRR> Complete book of vitamins & minerals. By the Editors of Consumer Guide; Susan Male Smith, and others. Lincolnwood, IL, Publications International, c1996. 384 p. QP771.C65 1996 <SciRR> Encyclopedia of vitamins, minerals and supplements. Tova Navarra and Myron A. Lipkowitz. New York, Facts on File, c1996. 281 p. Bibliography: p. 249-254. QP771.E53 1996 <SciRR> The Healing power of vitamins, minerals and herbs. Edited by Wayne Kalyn. Pleasantville, NY, The Reader's Digest Assoc., c1999. 416 p. RM259.H424 1999 Reinhard, Tonia. The vitamin sourcebook. Los Angeles, Lowell House, c1998. 299 p. Bibliography: p. 285. QP771.R45 1998 Williams, Sue Rodwell. Nutrition and diet therapy. 8th ed. St. Louis, Mosby Publishing, c1998. 850 p. Includes bibliographical references. See especially "Fat-soluble vitamins": p. 159-179, "Water-soluble vitamins": p. 181-204, and "Minerals": p. 205-250. RM216.W684 c1997 <SciRR> ADDITIONAL TITLES Apple, Rima D. Vitamania: Vitamins in American culture. New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, c1996. 245 p. Bibliography: p. 199-232. QP771.A67 1996 A-Z guide to drug-herb and vitamin interactions. Edited by Schuyler W. Lininger. Rocklin, CA, Prima Health, 1999. 464 p. RM666.H33D78 1999 Basu, Tapan Kumar. Vitamins in human health and disease. Wallingford, Eng., CAB International, c1996. 345 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP771.B35 1996 Berdanier, Carolyn D. Advanced nutrition. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1995. 2v. Includes bibliographical references. Contents: 1. Macronutrients.-- 2. Micronutrients. QP141.B52 1995 <SciRR> Beyond deficiency: new views on the function and health effects of vitamins. Edited by Howerde E. Sauberlich and Lawrence J. Machlin. New York, The New York Academy of Sciences, 1992. 404 p. (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 669). Includes bibliographical references. Q11.N5 v. 669 Encyclopedia of human biology. Edited by Renato Dulbecco. 2nd ed. v. 8. San Diego, Academic Press, c1997. See especially entries for individual vitamins and minerals, e.g. "Vitamin A": p. 735-748, and "Vitamin D": p. 749-762. QP11.E53 1997 <SciRR> Hands, Elizabeth S. Food finder: food sources of vitamins & minerals. 2nd ed. Salem, OR, ESHA Research, c1990. 244 p. Bibliography: p. 233-244. QP771.H365 1990 <SciRR> Prevention's healing with vitamins. Edited by Alice Feinstein. Emmaus, PA, Rodale Press, c1996. 593 p. RM259.P74 1996 <SciRR> Sports nutrition: minerals and electrolytes. Edited by Constance V. Kies and Judy A. Driskell. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1995. 330 p. Includes bibliographical references. TX361.A8S674 1995 Sports nutrition: vitamins and trace elements. Edited by Ira Wolinsky and Judy A. Driskell. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1997. 235 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP771.S68 1997 <SciRR> The Technology of vitamins in food. Edited by P. Berry Ottaway. London, New York, Blackie Academic & Professional, 1993. 270 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP771.T43 1993 <SciRR> Vitamin intake and health: a scientific review. Suzanne Gaby and others. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1991. 217 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP771.V573 1991 <SciRR> SPECIALIZED TITLES VITAMIN A Vitamin A and the immune function: a symposium. Edited by Chris Kjolhede and William R. Beisel. New York, Haworth Medical Press, c1996. 156 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP772.V5V555 1996 Vitamin A in health and disease. Edited by Rune Blomhoff. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1994. 677 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP772.V5V56 1994 VITAMIN B COMPLEX Folic acid metabolism in health and disease. Edited by Mary Frances Picciano, E. L. Robert Stokstad, and Jesse F. Gregory. New York, Wiley-Liss, c1990. 299 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP772.F6F634 1990 Vitamin B-6 metabolism in pregnancy, lactation, and infancy. Edited by Daniel J. Raiten. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1995. 201 p. Includes bibliographical references. RG559.V55 1996 VITAMIN C Vitamin C in health and disease. Edited by Lester Packer and Jurgen Fuchs. NewYork, Marcel Dekker, 1997. 538 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP772.A8V565 1997 <SciRR> Vitamin C: the state of the art in disease prevention sixty years after the Nobel prize. Edited by R. Paoletti and others. New York, Springer-Verlag, c1998. 133 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP772.A8V574 1998 VITAMIN D Vitamin D. Edited by David Feldman. San Diego, Academic Press, c1997. 1285 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP772.V53V572 1997 Vitamin D: chemistry, biology and clinical applications of the steroid hormone: proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Vitamin D. Strasbourg, France, May 24-29, 1997. Edited by Anthony W. Norman, Roger Bouillon, and Monique Thomasset. Riverside, CA, Printing and Reprographics, University of California, 1997. 960 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP772.V53W67 1997 Vitamin D: molecular biology, physiology, and clinical applications. Edited by Michael F. Holick. Totowa, NJ, Humana Press, c1999. 458 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP772.V53V585 1999 <SciRR> VITAMIN E Vitamin E in health and disease. Edited by Lester Packer and Jurgen Fuchs. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1993. 1000 p. Includes bibliographical references. RM666.T65V58 1992 Vitamin E : its usefulness in health and in curing diseases. Edited by Makoto Mino and others. Tokyo, New York, and Basel, Japan Scientific Societies Press, c1993. 368 p. Includes bibliographical references. Papers presented at the 1991 international symposium on Vitamin E, Japan, 1991. QP772.T6V574 1993 ANTIOXIDANTS Antioxidant food supplements in human health. Edited by Lester Packer, Midori Hiramutsu, and Toshikazu Yoshikawa. San Diego, Academic Press, c1999. 511 p. Includes bibliographical references. RB170.A573 1999 <SciRR> Antioxidant status, diet, nutrition and health. Edited by Andreas M. Papas. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1999. 650 p. Includes bibliographical references. RB170.A578 1999 <SciRR> Antioxidants and disease prevention. Edited by Harinder S. Garewal. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1997. 186 p. Includes bibliographical references. RB170.A58 1997 Biological oxidants and antioxidants: molecular mechanisms and health effects. Edited by Lester Packer and Augustine S. H. Ong. Champaign, IL, AOCS Press, c1998. 372 p. Includes bibliographical references. RB170.B565 1998 Handbook of antioxidants. Edited by Enrique Cadenas and Lester Packer. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1996. 602p. Includes bibliographical references. RB170.H36 1996 Handbook of synthetic antioxidants. Edited by Lester Packer and Enrique Cadenas. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1997. 442 p. Includes bibliographical references. RB170.H367 1997 Larson, Richard A. Naturally occurring antioxidants. Boca Raton, CRC Press, Lewis Publishers, c1997. 195 p. Includes bibliographical references. RB170.L37 1997 Oxidants, antioxidants, and free radicals. Edited by Stephen I. Baskin and Harry Salem. Washington, Taylor and Francis, c1997. 364 p. Includes bibliographical references. RB170.O945 1997 Packer, Lester, and Carol Colman. The antioxidant miracle: your complete plan for total health and healing. New York, John Wiley & Sons, c1999. 256 p. Bibliography: p. 230-248. RB170.P33 1999 Smythies, John R. Every person's guide to antioxidants. New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, c1998. 140 p. Bibliography: p. 113-125. RB170.S69 1998 <SciRR> CALCIUM Calcium and phosphorus in health and disease. Edited by John J. B. Anderson and Sanford C. Garner. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1996. 395 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP535.C2C2622 1996 Pierre, Colleen. Calcium in your life. Minneapolis, Chronimed Publishing, c1997. 155 p. Bibliography: p. 145-149. RM237.56.P54 1997 MANGANESE Manganese in health and disease. Edited by Dorothy J. Klimis-Tavantzis. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1994. 212 p. Includes bibliographical references QP535.M6M35 1994 TRACE ELEMENTS Micronutrients in health and in disease prevention. Edited by Adrianne Bendich and C. E. Butterworth, Jr. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1991. 483 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP534.M52 1991 Trace elements in human nutrition and health. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1996. 343 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP534.T725 1996 VITAMIN ANALYSIS Bender, David A. Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1992. 431 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP771.B44 1992 Modern analytical methodologies in fat and water soluble vitamins. Edited by Won O. Song, Gary R. Beecher, Ronald R. Eitenmiller. New York, John Wiley, c2000. 471 p. QP771.M6 2000 Modern chromatographic analysis of vitamins. 3rd ed., rev. and expanded. Edited by Andre P. De Leenheer, Willy E. Lambert, Jan F. Van Bocxlaer. New York, Dekker, c2000. 616 p. (Chromatographic science, 84) Includes bibliographical references. QP771.M63 2000 Vitamin analysis for the health and food sciences. Edited by Ronald R. Eitenmiller and W. O. Landen, Jr. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c1998. 518 p. Includes bibliograph ical references. QP771.E37 1998 TITLES FOR YOUNGER READERS Asimov, Isaac. How did we find out about vitamins? New York, Walker and Company, 1974. 64 p. QP771.A84 Kalbacken, Joan. Vitamins and minerals. New York, Children's Press, c1998. 47 p. Bibliography: p. 44. Introduces the major vitamins and minerals found in various foods, and discusses them in relation to nutrition and healthy eating. QP771.K365 1998 Nardo, Don. Vitamins and minerals. New York, Chelsea House Publishers, c1994. 111 p. Bibliography: p. 103-104. Introduction by C. Everett Koop. QP771.N36 1994 Nottridge, Rhoda. Vitamins. Minneapolis, Carolrhoda Books, 1993. 32 p. Bibliography: p. 31. Focuses on vitamins, explaining why we need them in our diet, where we can get them, and the different kinds. QP771.N64 1993 Seixas, Judith S. Vitamins: what they are, and what they do. New York, Greenwillow Books, c1986. 55 p. Discusses vitamins, how they were discovered, how they work, how they can be made, and how they fit into our diets. QP771.S45 1986 Silverstein, Alvin, Virginia Silverstein, and Robert Silverstein. Vitamins and minerals. Brookfield, CT, Millbrook Press, 1992. 48 p. Bibliography: p. 46. Examines the major vitamins and minerals, their functions, sources, proper daily dosages, and deficiency symptoms. QP771.S56 1992 SELECTED COOKBOOKS Eat well, stay well: 500 delicious recipes made with healing foods. Edited by Judith Cressey. Pleasantville, NY, Reader's Digest Assoc., c1998. 352 p. RA784.E162 1998 Kaye, Edita M. Bone builders: the complete lowfat cookbook plus calcium health guide. Rev. ed. New York, Time-Warner Books, 1996. 500 p. RM237.56.K39 1996 Lark, Susan M. The women's health companion: self help nutrition guide & cookbook. Berkeley, CA, Celestial Arts, c1995. 375 p. Bibliography: p. 353-369. RA778.L314 1995 Prevention's the healthy cook. Edited by Natthew Hoffman and David Joachim. Emmaus, PA, Rodale Press, c1997. 598 p. RM237.7.P744 1997 SerVaas, Cory. The Saturday Evening Post antioxidant cookbook. Indianapolis, Saturday Evening Post Society, c1995. 195 p. Bibliography: p. 195. RM237.9.S47 1995 The Simply healthy lowfat cookbook: over 250 lowfat recipes rich in the antioxidant vitamins that keep you healthy. By the editors of the Wellness Cooking School and the University of California at Berkeley Wellness Letter. New York, Rebus; distributed by Random House, c1995. 255 p. RM237.7.S575 1995 Turner, Lisa. Meals that heal: a nutraceutical approach to diet and health. Rochester, VT, Healing Arts Press, c1996. 235 p. Bibliography: p. 201-221. RA784.T895 1996 Webb, Densie, and Susan Male Smith. Foods for better health: prevention & healing of diseases. Lincolnwood, IL, Publications International, 1994. 432 p. RA784.W47 1994 RELATED TITLES Bricklin, Mark. Prevention magazine's nutrition advisor. Emmaus, PA, Rodale Press, 1993. 596 p. RA784.B695 1993 <SciRR> Brody, Tom. Nutritional biochemistry. 2nd ed. San Diego, Academic Press, c1999. 1006 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP141.B853 1999 Food chemistry. 3rd ed. Edited by Owen R. Fennema. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1996. 1069 p. Includes bibliographical references. TX541.F65 1996 <SciRR> Funk, Casimir. The vitamines. Authorized translation from second German edition, by Harry E. Dubin. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkin Co., 1922. 502 p. QP801.V5F8 Heinerman, John. Heinerman's new encyclopedia of fruits & vegetables. West Nyack, NY, Parker Publishing, c1995. 504 p. RM236.H45 1995 Newstrom, Harvey. Nutrients catalog: vitamins, minerals, amino acids, macronutrients- beneficial use, helpers, inhibitors, food sources, intake recommendations and symptoms of over or under use. Jefferson, NC, McFarland & Company, c1993. 538 p. Bibliography: p. 449-460. QP141.N48 1993 <SciRR> Nutritional concerns of women. Edited by Ira Wolinsky and Dorothy Klimis-Tavantzis. Boca-Raton, CRC Press, 1996. 335 p. Includes bibliographical references. RC622.N8932 1996 Prevention's food and nutrition. Edited by John Feltman. Emmaus, PA, Rodale Press, c1993. 552 p. RA784.P737 1993 Preventive nutrition: the comprehensive guide for health professionals. Edited by Adrianne Bendich and Richard J. Deckelbaum. Totowa, NJ, Humana Press, c1997. 579 p. Includes bibliographical references. RM216.P778 1997 <SciRR> Ronzio, Robert A. The encyclopedia of nutrition & good health. New York, Facts on File, c1997. 486 p. Includes bibliographical references. RA784.R646 1997 Somer, Elizabeth. Nutrition for women: the complete guide. New York, Henry Holt, 1993. 475 p. Bibliography: p. 403-460. RA778.S647 1993 Whitney, Eleanor Noss, and others. Understanding normal and clinical nutrition. 5th ed. Belmont, CA, Wadsworth Publishing Co., c1998. Includes bibliographical references. QP141.W458 1998 Williams, Melvin H. Nutrition for health, fitness, & sport. 5th ed.. Boston, McGraw-Hill, c1999. 500 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP141.W514 1999 HANDBOOKS Composition of foods: raw, processed. Consumer and Food economics Institute. Rev. Washington, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, (agricultural handbook, no. 8), 1976- TX551.C74 1976 <SciRR> Available also at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp Griffith, H. Winter. Vitamins, herbs, minerals & supplements: the complete guide. Tucson, Fisher Books, c1998. 504 p. QP771.G75 1998 <SciRR> Handbook of food analysis. Edited by Leo M. Nollet. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1996. 1987 p. TX541.H36 1996 Handbook of nutritionally essential mineral elements. Edited by Boyd L. O'Dell and Roger A. Sunde. New York, Marcel Decker, c1997. 692 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP533.H36 1997 <SciRR> Handbook of vitamins. 2nd ed., rev. Edited by Lawrence J. Machlin. New York, Marcel Dekker, c1991. 595 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP771.H35 1991 Mason, Pamela. Handbook of dietary supplements: vitamins and other health supplements. Oxford, Eng., Cambridge, MA, Blackwell Science, 1995. 256 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP141.M28 1995 Netzer, Corinne T. The complete book of vitamin and mineral counts. New York, Dell Publishing, 1997. 440 p. Chiefly tables. br> QP771.N48 1997 <SciRR> Pais, Istvan, and J. Benton Jones. The handbook of trace elements. Boca Raton, St. Lucie Press, c1997. 223 p. Bibliography: p. 199-213. QP534.P349 1997 <SciRR> Pressman, Alan H, and Sheila Buff. The complete idiot's guide to vitamins and minerals. New York, Alpha Books, c1997. 348 p. QP771.P74 1997 Sultenfuss, Sherry Wilson, and Thomas J. Sultenfuss. A woman's guide to vitamins, minerals, and alternative healing. Rev. ed. Chicago, Contemporary Books, c1999. 324 p. Bibliography: p. 263-309. RA778.S926 <SciRR> The USP guide to vitamins & minerals by authority of U.S. Pharmacopeia. New York, Avon Books, c1996. 334 p. RA784.U87 1996 ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES Abstracting and indexing services that index relevant journal articles on vitamins and minerals are listed below. Useful keywords to use include "vitamins," "minerals," and most of the Library of Congress subject headings suggested earlier. Consult a Science Reference Librarian for locations of abstracting and indexing services in the Science Reading Room. Applied Science & Technology Index (1913-) Z7913.I7 <SciRR A&I> and Computer Format Bibliography of Agriculture (1942-) Z5073.U572 <SciRR A&I> and Computer format Biological & Agricultural Index (1916-) Z5073.A46 <SciRR A&I> and Computer format Biological Abstracts (1927-) QH301.B37 <SciRR A&I> and Computer format Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (1956-) Z6675.N7C8 <SciRR A&I> and CD-ROM Food Science and Technology Abstracts (1969-) TP368.F678 <SciRR A&I> Index Medicus (1960-) Z6660.I422 <SciRR A&I> and Computer format Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews. Series A: Human and Experimental (1977-) QP141.A1N86 <SciRR A&I> JOURNALS American Journal of Clinical Nutrition RC584.A5 Food Chemistry TX501.F66 Food Technology TP370.F63 International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research QP771.I57 Journal of the American Dietetic Association RM214.A6 Journal of Biological Chemistry QP501.J7 Journal of Food Composition and Analysis: an Official Publication of the United Nations University, International Network of Food Data Systems TX501.J66 Journal of Nutrition RM214.J6 Nutrition QP141.A1N866 Nutrition and Food Science TX341.N779 Nutrition in Clinical Care: an Official Publication of Tufts University RM214.N83 Nutrition Research QP141.A1N88 Nutrition Reviews TX341.N85 Nutrition Today RA784.N85 Prevention RA421. P68 <SciRR> Vitamins and Hormones QP801.V5V5 <SciRR> REPRESENTATIVE JOURNAL ARTICLES Antioxidants and aging--roundtable discussion : how best to ensure daily intake of antioxidants (from the diet and supplements) that is optimal for life span, disease, and general health. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, v. 854, 1998: 463-476. Q11.N5, vol. 854 Bates, Christopher, and Ann Prentice. Breast milk as a source of vitamins, essential minerals and trace elements. Pharmacology & therapeutics, v. 60, 1994: 193-220. RM1.P477 Byersdorf, B., and J. R. White. Sorting through the hype about RDAs. Postgraduate medicine, v. 103, Mar. 1999: 36. R11.P74 Cao, Guohua, and others. Increases in human plasma antioxidant capacity after consumption of controlled diets high in fruit and vegetables. The American journal of clinical nutrition, v. 68, Nov. 1998: 1081-1087. RC584.A5 Dawson-Hughes, Beth. Calcium, Vitamin D and the risk of osteoporosis in adults: essential information for the clinician. Nutrition in clinical care, v. 1, Mar./Apr. 1998: 63-70. Pamphlet box <SciRR> DeLuca, Hector F., and Claudia Zierold. Mechanisms and functions of vitamin D. Nutrition reviews, v. 56, Feb. 1998: S4-S10. TX341.N85 Gaziano, Michael J. Antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians, v. 111, Jan./Feb. 1999: 2-9. R15.A95 Hains, Stewart T. Alternatives to estrogen replacement therapy for preventing osteoporosis. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, v. 36, Dec. 1996: 707-715. RS1.A52 Jacob, Robert A. Vitamin C nutriture and the risk of atherosclerotic heart disease. Nutrition reviews, v. 56, Nov. 1998: 334-337. QP141.A1N88 Kerstetter, Jane E., and others. Dietary protein affects intestinal calcium absorption. American journal of clinical nutrition, v. 68, Oct. 1998: 859-865. RC584.A5 Lee, I. M. Antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of cancer. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians, v. 111, Jan./Feb. 1999: 10-15. R15.A95 Levine, Mark. Criteria and recommendations for Vitamin C intake. JAMA, journal of the American Medical Association, v. 281, Apr. 21, 1999: 1415-1423. R15.A48 Malinow, M. R. Homocysteine, diet and cardiovascular diseases: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation, v. 99, Jan. 5, 1999: 178-182. RC681.A1C5 Manzi, Pamela, and others. Nutrients in edible mushrooms: an inter-species comparative study. Food chemistry, v. 65, June 1999: 477-482. TX501.F66 Mason, Joel B., and Jacob Selhub. Disease prevention: broadening the definition of folate nutrition. Nutrition in clinical care, v. 2, March/April 1999: 82-86. RM214.N83 McCarron, David, and others. Mineral intake and blood pressure in African Americans. American journal of clinical nutrition, v. 68, Sept. 1998: 517-518. RC584.A5 Mertz, Walter. A balanced approach to nutrition for health: the need for biologically essential minerals and vitamins. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, v. 94, Nov. 1994: 1259-1262. RM214.A6 and RM214.A6 Mobarhan, Sohrab. Calcium and the colon: recent findings. Nutrition reviews, v. 57, April 1999: 124-129. TX341.N85 Schorah, C. J. Micronutrients, vitamins, and cancer risk. Vitamins and hormones, v. 57, 1999. QP801.V5V5 <SciRR> Skolnick, A. A. Separating the wheat from the chaff of nutrition information. JAMA, journal of the American Medical Association, v. 278, Oct. 1, 1997: 1052-1053. R15.A48 Thomas, John A. Diet, micronutrients, and the prostate gland. Nutrition reviews, v. 57, Apr. 1999: 95-103. TX341.N85 SELECTED MATERIALS Selected Materials available in the Science Reading Room pamphlet boxes include: Andersen-Parrado, Patricia. Minerals -- mild-mannered nutrients that make things happen. Better nutrition, v. 59, July 1997: 38. Blumberg, Jeffrey. Mighty vitamins. Medical world news, v. 34, Jan. 1993: 24-32. Calcium: build strong bones & a strong body. Nutrition in clinical care: an official publication of Tufts University, v. 1, Apr. 1998: 98-100. Challem, Jack. Some good things to say about free radicals. The Nutrition reporter newsletter, v. 6, Aug., 1995: 1-4. Denny, Sharon. About vitamin-mineral supplements. Nutrition today, v. 33, Apr. 1998: 69-70. Elliott, James G. Application of antioxidant vitamins in foods and beverages. Food technology, v. 53, Feb. 1999: 46-48. Gorman, Christine. Vitamin overload? Your one-a-day is still o.k. but swallowing supplements by the megadose may be dangerous. Time, v. 150, Nov. 10, 1997: 84. Kurtzweil, Paula. An FDA guide to dietary supplements. FDA consumer, v. 32, Sept./Oct. 1998: 28-35. Kurtzweil, Paula. How folate can help prevent birth defects. FDA consumer, v. 30, Sept./Oct. 1996: 7-10. Langer, Stephen. When it comes to vitamins, "Cs" make the grade. Better nutrition, v. 58, Dec. 1996: 40-43 . Leibman, Bonnie. Do you know your vitamin abc's? Nutrition action health letter, v. 26, Sept. 1999: 1-6. Leibman, Bonnie. 3 vitamins and a mineral: what to take. Nutrition action health letter, v. 25, May 1998: 1, 3-7. Mathe, Andrea. A girl's best friends. Vegetarian times, v. 258, Feb. 1999: 90-91. Prevention's at-a-glance vitamin and mineral guide. Prevention, v. 51, Feb. 1999: 96-98. Scheer, James F. B. Vitamins: a whole complex of benefits. Better nutrition, v. 61, Apr. 1999: 54-56. Squires, Sally. Vitamania. The Washington Post Health, Jan. 12, 1999: 13-16. Strengthen your bone knowledge. Nutrition spotlight, v. 2, Sept./Oct., 1999: 1-8. Toufexis, Anastasia. The new scoop on vitamins. Time, Apr. 6, 1992: 54-59 Vitamin E: is natural better? University of California, Berkeley, wellness letter, v. 15, Sept. 1999: 1. Yes, but which calcium supplement? Tufts University health & nutrition letter, v. 14, Feb. 1997: 4-5. ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION GOVERNMENT AGENCIES Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) U.S. Food and Drug Administration 5100 Paint Branch Parkway College Park, MD 20740-3835 Telephone: (800) 332-4010 URL: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/list.html The regulation of dietary supplements, including safety and labeling concerns, is the responsibility of the FDA's Center for Food Safety and Nutrition. Its website offers a great deal of consumer information, including FDA warnings and nutrition advice. Program areas especially relevant to vitamins and minerals include "dietary supplements" and "food labeling and nutrition." U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Information Center (FNIC) National Agricultural Library, Room 105 10301 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville, MD 20705-2351 Telephone: (301) 504-5719 email: fnic@nal.usda.gov URL: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic FNIC is one of several information centers at the National Agricultural Library. In addition to its on-site resources, the library's FNIC website offers extensive nutrition information. Areas of interest include dietary supplements, dietary guidelines, and food composition. Newsletters, FDA journals, and links to many nutrition related journals are also available at this site. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894 Telephone: (888) 346-3656; (301) 594-5983 URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov The National Library of Medicine (NLM) collects materials in all areas of biomedicine and health care. The National Library of Medicine's online resources include the MEDLINE index of medical literature, and MEDLINEplus which provides consumer resources, including useful information on clearinghouses, organizations, directories, and libraries. The library's catalog, LocatorPlus, is also available at their website. Office of Dietary Supplements National Institutes of Health 6100 Executive Blvd., Room 3B01, MSC 7517 Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7517 Tel: (301) 435-2920 Fax: (301) 480-1845 email: ods@nih.gov URL: http://ods.od.nih.gov/ The Office of Dietary Supplements was established in 1995, as a part of the National Institutes of Health, to support research and to disseminate information on dietary supplements. In addition to sponsoring conferences and workshops, the ODS maintains IBIDS, a database of published international scientific literature on dietary supplements, including vitamins, minerals, and botanicals. IBIDS is available at the ODS website. The office does not, however, respond to individual requests for information. ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS American Dietetic Association (ADA) 216 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite 800 Chicago, IL 60606-6995 Telephone: (312) 899-0040 URL: http://www.eatright.org The ADA publishes the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, as well as an array of nutrition-related publications aimed at both the consumer and the professional. Abstracts from the journal can be found online. The website provides fact sheets, links to other sites of interest, information on nutrition issues in the news and a catalog of publications. American Society for Nutritional Sciences (ASNS) 9650 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20814-3998 Telephone: (301) 530-7050 email: sec@asns.org URL: http://www.asns.org The American Society for Nutritional Sciences (ASNS) publishes The Journal of Nutrition, available by subscription at http://www.nutrition.org, with open access to the index, dating from Jan. 1997. The website also offers profiles of micronutrients, from arsenic to zinc. The nutrient statements include recommended intakes, and recent research in the field. The American Society for Clinical Nutrition, a division of ASNS, publishes The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition at http://www.nutrition.org/ SELECTED INTERNET RESOURCES The Internet offers a growing number of sites useful for the study of vitamins and minerals. Most of the organizations listed above provide information on vitamins and nutrition, as well as links to related sites from their web sites. It is also possible to find web sites using a search engine such as Alta Vista, Google, or Northern Light, to locate additional sites. Gateway sites, such as the Tufts University Nutrition Navigator, listed below, are often an efficient way to locate relevant web sites. The following sites may be of interest. Arbor Nutrition Guide URL: http://www.arborcom.com This site offers a well organized gateway to nutrition information. Six major areas, including food science, clinical nutrition, and applied nutrition, are further subdivided by topics such as phytochemistry, food safety, history of nutrition, and home pages of organizations. Dole 5-a-day URL: http://www.dole5aday.com A colorful, award-winning site designed for kids and educators, but others will find it useful as well. The Fruit and Vegetable Encyclopedia is a good place to find illustrations and basic text on topics such as apple varieties and citrus growing regions of the U.S. Mayo Health Oasis URL: http://www.mayohealth.org Sponsored by the Mayo Clinic, and aimed at consumers, this site received a top rating from the Tuft's Nutrition Navigator. A great deal of information on nutrition, vitamins, and minerals is made available in a user-friendly format. Meals For You URL: http://www.mealsforyou.com This interactive recipe site allows the user to search for nutritional recipes by nutrient heading. For example, a search for Vitamin A brings up several pages of results, arranged by vitamin content. Results can also be sorted alphabetically and by preparation time. Tufts University Nutrition Navigator URL: http://www.navigator.tufts.edu The mission of the Tufts Nutrition Navigator is "to help Internet users quickly find reliable nutrition information," and this is an excellent site at which to begin online research. This site provides collections of nutrition links with very helpful evaluative reviews rating sites for accuracy, currency, balance, and ease of navigation. Tufts University Nutrition Navigator URL: http://www.navigator.tufts.edu The mission of the Tufts Nutrition Navigator is "to help Internet users quickly find reliable nutrition information," and this is an excellent site at which to begin online research. This site provides collections of nutrition links with very helpful evaluative reviews rating sites for accuracy, currency, balance, and ease of navigation. Compiled by Alison Kelly January 2000 |
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“The health of soil, plant, animal and man is one . . .”
". . . and indivisible," Eve Balfour said. In a controlled study she implemented the following results were garnered. How these units were operated? One was a stockless arable farm which for the purpose of this talk I shall ignore -- the other two were both ley farms (temporary pasture alternating with arable) operating the same rotation. Each carried a herd of dairy cows, a flock of poultry and a small flock of sheep. All livestock was fed exclusively on the produce of its own unit, replacements were home bred and cereal and pulse crops raised from home-grown seed. All wastes of crops and stock were returned only to its own unit. Only livestock products and surplus animals were sold off the farm. All crops were put through the animals. On one of these two comparable units supplementary chemical fertilizers were used, as well as herbicides, insecticides and fungicides when thought necessary. This unit was called the Mixed Section. On the other unit, called the Organic (All Natural) Section, no chemicals were used. It was thus entirely dependent on its own biological fertility. As nearly as possible a closed cycle was maintained so that a minimum of unknown factors should be introduced into the food chain to confuse the issue. You can see, she concluded, why such an exploration into the unknown was left to the private enterprise of a charitable society with small resources. It was at total variance with the fragmentary techniques of orthodox agricultural research, which is based on randomized small plots - a technique quite incapable of throwing any light on biological interdependencies in a functioning whole. The establishment of the day even went so far as to declare that there was no case to investigate - they were particularly critical of the closed system on the all natural section, yet most of the significant findings were the outcome of this, and would not have been revealed without it. I will attempt to summarize a few of the more important findings, concentrating on those that have special relevance for the subject matter of this conference. In addition to carefully recorded field observations, an extensive range of sample analyses (soil and products) was carried out by a consultant bio-chemist, Dr. R.F. Milton. These included analyses for available plant nutrients in every field, tested every month, for a period of over 10 years. The outcome of this huge number of individual analyses, running into the thousands, was a new discovery. It was one of the most important single findings to come out of the experiment, because it was so conclusive and, surprisingly, hitherto unsuspected by orthodox agricultural chemists - namely that the levels of available minerals in the soil fluctuate according to the season, maximum levels coinciding with the time of maximum plant demand. These fluctuations were far more marked on the All Natural Section than on the other two, where, moreover, they could be partly related to fertilizer application. On the All Natural Section, which received no fertilizers, the fluctuation was so marked that, for example, in the field with the highest humus content and the longest history of no chemicals, as much as 10 times more available phosphate has been recorded in the growing period of the year than in the dormant period. Potash and nitrogen followed the same general pattern. It was clear, from the fact of the closed cycle, that this seasonal release of minerals could only have been brought about by biological agencies, and it appears to be a natural action-pattern of a biologically active soil. When this finding was first published it was taken up by a Scottish University, repeated, confirmed, and is now generally accepted. Previously it had been assumed that a single spot analysis at any time of year could show what the soil required. The many different chemical analyses, carried out on crops and livestock products, revealed no consistent or significant differences between the sections, other than the usually higher water content of the chemically grown fodder. Seasonal variations, and those between fields in the same section, often exceeded average sectional differences. But this lack of difference was in itself significant in that on the all natural section, receiving no added minerals the analysis of soil and crops showed a nutrient status that remained consistently as high as that of the others. (Please note—these fields were declared by Dr. Milton to be in good ‘trace and essential mineral health’ at the beginning of the studies.) This indicates how little of the so-called N-P-K minerals applied as fertilizers are recovered in crops. Although analytical difference between the sections was negligible, there were functional differences of some significance, such as the relative freedom from insect pest damage of the all natural section crops, and the longer working life of its livestock. A number of the functional differences noted threw up unanswered questions and so point the directions for useful future research. Three examples must serve to illustrate what I mean: Can farmland be fertilizer addicted? In spite of the mixed section receiving no less all natural return than its all natural counterpart it could be clearly demonstrated that its fields had become dependent on their fertilizer supplements in a manner suggestive of drug addiction. By contrast the all natural fields developed an increasing biological vigor which enabled them to continue being self-supporting. Had we not operated the closed cycle policy, this surprising result would almost certainly have been attributed to whatever importation had taken place. I shall be referring later to research work carried out during the last year and not yet published in detail that may provide at least a partial explanation for this and my next example. A consistent finding, particularly with autumn sown cereals, was a visual observation of an apparently much delayed growth in the early stages on the All Natural section. Further examination, however, showed that in this initial period the plant in an all natural environment is 'concentrating' (if I may so put it) on establishing a vigorous root system. Having done so, but not before, it is ready to make top growth (i.e. the behavior pattern of growth is quite different to that of plants growing in a chemical or 'mixed' environment). This interpretation is supported by the fact that before the end of the growing season the 'all natural' crops caught up the others and, as I have stated, remained able to look after themselves. With the livestock, the temperament of the animals composing the herds and flocks exhibited sectional differences, those belonging to the all natural section being noticeably more contented. Our findings also confirmed the many reports received from all natural farmers in different parts of the world, that a given output of animal products - milk, meat, eggs etc. required from 12-15% less input of food when this was grown totally naturally. At Haughley for example, though the all natural herbal leys were of clearly sparser growth than the much more lush mixed-section leys, the cows on the former gave, over a 20 year period, around 15% more milk than the other. (To forestall the obvious comment, we were able to show that this contrast was not due to a genetic factor.) Once more this finding is relevant to any discussion about an alternative and sustainable Agriculture, and this is what I now want to talk about. To start with, I want to answer three widely held objections to the idea that all natural or organic farming on a world scale can ever be possible. The most frequently heard argument is that intensive chemical farming provides the only hope of feeding the expanding world population and has therefore to be accepted whether we like it or not. To me it seems probable that the exact opposite could prove to be the case, and that it is an alternative and largely all natural agriculture that will be forced upon us whether we like it or not. This is because, as is becoming increasingly apparent, the days of the former are numbered. One reason is the enormous demands on the world's non-renewable resources of energy, made by our Western life-style in general, and modern farming techniques in particular. Another is that modern methods are putting strains on the biota which is causing it to nutritionally collapse. Thus it is only common sense to look at alternatives, and in all seriousness, study their potential viability. It is not yet, however, generally accepted that the days of our present methods and behavior are numbered. Even where it is, it is too often regarded as a long term problem which must not be allowed to obscure the immediate problem, namely the need to increase quantitative food production now. Here it is argued that any type of all natural farming is less efficient, that it has to rely on re-cycling which is wasteful, so that were it to be adopted, world food production would inevitably be lower, particularly production of protein, at a time when what we need is to produce ever more per acre. To this I would like to point out three things: (1) A common view among nutritionists today is that the amount of protein (especially animal protein) hitherto thought to be required by man has been greatly over- estimated. (All Natural farmers have found this also to be true for livestock). (2) There need be little loss in re-cycling if we did not waste so much. (3) Certainly we need to produce more per acre. Unfortunately the yardstick of modern economics is to measure the efficiency by production per man. Labor-intensive small units will always be able to produce spectacularly more per acre than the large mechanized farms, apart from the finding that all naturally grown food goes further. When the inevitable change in life-style takes place I predict that we shall find it easier to feed the world population than we think, perhaps easier than what is done presently, because Western Nations will presumably have become less gluttonous. I predict also that we shall all be nutritionally healthier! We still hear, though less frequently than we used to, the argument that there is no scientific basis for advocating exclusive use of organic manures, such as FYM and compost, because 'there is absolutely no difference between a plant nutrient contained in organic materials and the same nutrient in in-organic chemical form'. There may be no chemical, or other easily definable difference, but there is a demonstrable functional difference. Anything having an effect on root distribution, for example, may have an effect on plant nutrition because it will influence the volume of soil explored. Thus good soil structure in depth, such as is obtained in a biologically active soil, can improve productivity simply by increasing the depth of soil exploited for water and nutrients. There exists well documented scientific evidence that fertilizer concentrations of N and P have an influence on localized root branching. They induce it at the expense of deep rooting exploration. This could well lead to the luxury uptakes of Nitrogen and Phosphorus being linked to the inadequate uptake of other nutrients (especially trace minerals). There are implications in this for nutrient unbalance in the crop and thereby some risk of nutrient unbalance in the animals and humans feeding upon it. If root activity is a factor in the development and maintenance of soil structure, there are also implications in this for the overall pattern of soil development. This is the work I was referring to earlier as possibly throwing light on some Haughley findings. (A reference' to it is M.C. Drew Ag. Research Council Letcome Laboratory Annual Report for 1975.63-1976). In a biologically active soil, which implies one adequately provided with organic matter and natural rock minerals, the latter are released as the plants want them, moreover the roots are presented with a complete diet from which they can pick and choose. Plants are highly selective in such circumstances, hence the value of some of the deep rooting weeds (which the all natural farmer calls herbs when he sows them deliberately). Normal chemical fertilizers, apart from the disadvantage just mentioned are far too simple: A plant's mineral requirements are many times wider in range. By giving only two or three which stimulate bulk growth, others, equally important, are exhausted, or locked up in the immediate neighborhood of the rhizosphere, thus leading, as already mentioned, to unbalanced nutrition by the plant and often, through their solubility, to serious environmental pollution. Plant nutrients do not, as was once taught, all have to be reduced to simple inorganic solutions in order to be absorbed. Plants can ingest quite complex organic molecules, unbroken. The history of D.D.T. provides irrefutable evidence for this. So do such symbiotic mechanisms as mycorrhizal association, whereby the plant may well derive some nutrient equivalent to vitamins in animal nutrition. A possible additional factor for which, I readily admit, there is at present no scientific proof but which seems to me to provide an interpretation consistent with many observations, is that, in nature's food-chains, a plant's normal method of mineral intake is not direct, but second-hand, the mineral plant-foods being, as it were, by- products of the activity of the soil micro-flora and other members of the soil population. (this is the primary emphasis of the study and continuing research being conducted by Vitae-Myte). Such by-products have a far more complex and comprehensive formula than N, P and K and moreover are living substances. Inorganic chemicals are inert. A food-chain is not only a material circuit, but also an energy circuit. Soil fertility has been defined as the capacity of soil to receive, store and transmit energy. A substance may be the same chemically but very different as a conductor of living energy. The hypothesis is that the energy manifesting in birth, growth, reproduction, death, decay and rebirth, can only flow through channels composed of living cells, and that when the flow is interrupted by inert matter it can be short-circuited with consequent damage to some part of the food-chain, not necessarily where the block occurred. The Anthroposophical Society's Research establishment at Dornach, (Switzerland) has provided some evidence in support of such a view. I would like to see much more research undertaken in this field. Now I want to put forward what I believe our aims should be in evolving a sustainable agriculture, and then, finally, pass on to you some thoughts on organic farming as I see it. The criteria for a sustainable agriculture can be summed up in one word - permanence, which means adopting techniques that maintain soil fertility indefinitely; that utilize, as far as possible, only renewable resources; that do not grossly pollute the environment; and that foster life energy (or if preferred ‘biological activity’) within the soil and throughout the cycles of all the involved food-chains. This is what biological husbandry sets out to attempt - | ||||||
